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IIR document
Ammonia void fraction in smooth tubes at different gravity orientation.
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Characterization of R134a two-phase flow regimes in horizontal and vertical smooth tubes with capacitive sensors.
Saturated flow boiling of HFC134a and its low GWP substitute HFO1234ze(e) inside a 4mm horizontal smooth tube.
An experimental study on two-phase frictional pressure drop for R-407c in smooth horizontal tubes.
Flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of R407C inside a smooth tube with different tube inclinations.
Comparative analysis of microfin vs smooth tubes in R32 and R410A condensation.
Ammonia single-phase and two-phase frictional pressure losses in horizontal smooth and straight inner-grooved tubes.
Boiling heat transfer and visualization for R717 in a horizontal smooth mini-tube.
Hydrocarbons vaporization inside a 4mm ID horizontal smooth tube.
Experimental heat transfer coefficients of pool boiling and spray evaporation of ammonia on a horizontal plain tube.
Recommended by the IIR
Experimental investigations of forced convection of nanofluids in smooth, horizontal, round tubes: a review.
Saturated vapor condensation of hydrocarbons inside a 4mm ID horizontal smooth tube.
Experimental study of Isobutane (R600a) evaporation in microfinned and smooth tubes.
An experimental investigation and modelling of flow boiling heat transfer of isobutane-compressor oil solution in a horizontal smooth tube.
Investigating micro-fin and smooth tubes in horizontal two-phase flow boiling using R-1234ze and R-134a refrigerants.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
22 results
IIR Rankine Conference 2020: Which alternative working fluids for ORC systems?
HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins), HCFOs (hydrochlorofluoroolefins) and hydrocarbons were the main alternatives to HFC245fa presented during the IIR Rankine Conference 2020.
ICR 2019: an overview of current refrigeration research (part I)
Presentation of the main scientific and technical topics covered in the papers of the 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration and summary of some of the 14 keynotes.
Refrigeration innovations for the avocado market
The booming global avocado market calls for increasing standards of quality. Refrigeration technologies offer cutting-edge solutions for fruit ripening and seed preservation for future crops.
Fluctuating temperatures increase E. Coli and Listeria risk in leafy greens
A new study has found that fluctuations in temperature during transportation and retail sale of leafy greens negatively impacts both the product’s quality and microbial safety.
Cold stores in India
According to a report published in October 2013, Indian cold stores account for about 16% of the total warehousing industry. Estimated worth: USD 1500 billion.
The heating & air conditioning market in the US
According to a report market published by Ibis World international in October 2013, industry revenue has declined at an annual rate of -1.4% to USD 61 billion for the period 2008-2013.
EU Directive 2012/27 on energy efficiency.
On October 25, 2012, the European Union adopted the Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency. This Directive establishes a common framework of measures for the promotion of energy efficiency within the EU.
LNG remains the main driver of global gas demand in 2021-2025
In a recent report, the International Energy Agency (IEA) analyses the massive decline in gas demand in 2020. The covid-19 crisis has affected gas consumption mostly due to lower electricity demand in the...
Efficient cooling methods to reduce heat stress in pigs
Microclimate parameters such as air temperature and humidity are important indicators of animal welfare. Besides, heat stress is more detrimental to productivity in the swine...
Vaccines: a step towards thermostability
Ensilication of the protein molecules of a vaccine against tuberculosis prevents its deterioration by heat.
An award-winning industrial dairy using an integrated heat pump system
A recent case study examined the energy consumption and system performance of an innovative integrated heat pump system of a dairy located in Norway. This dairy was among the winning projects of the 2019 “Heat...
Cryochemistry: chemical reactions accelerated by freezing
Surprisingly, some chemical reactions can be accelerated by freezing. The possible applications of studying such cryoreactions include the food and pharmaceutical cold chain, as well...
ICR2011 highlights: carbon capture and storage (CCS) perspectives
During ICR2011, a complete session was devoted to carbon capture and storage (CCS). Berstad et al.(1) stressed that according to IEA, out of the targeted global annual CO2 emissions reductions – 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels –, CO2 CCS from...
Solar heating and cooling: key trends and challenges
In 2020, the solar thermal energy yield amounted to 407 TWh, which correlates to savings of 43.8 million tons of oil and 141.3 million tons of CO2. Although still only a niche market, solar cooling...
New polymer coating keeps buildings cool
Researchers from Columbia University have created a passive daytime radiative cooling polymer coating with air voids that act as a spontaneous air cooler.
IIR news
5 results
The IIR and the ASHRAE establish new definitions of five keywords in the refrigeration sector
For over a year, a group of experts from the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) have been working together to establish common definitions of...
Past events: The IIR around the world, August and September 2024
A look back at the IIR’s latest events during conferences (Gustav Lorentzen, Thermag, Compressors) and during sponsored vents (CHPC).
What do refrigeration, air conditioning and social media have in common? A lot!
In 2014, an awareness raising social media campaign by Stephen Gill praising the too often overlooked virtues and benefits of refrigeration caused quite a stir, going viral.
Three educational and awareness-raising events within the framework of INDEE+ project in 2021
For the INDEE+ project, the end of the year 2021 was marked by several educational events aiming to raise awareness of the application of clean cooling systems offered by the CO2/R744 refrigeration...
Interview: Director General of the IIR gives an overview of the trends of the refrigeration sector
In the 2018-2019 international special issue of the Industria & Formazione magazine, Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration, Didier Coulomb, gives an overview of the impact of the refrigeration sector on climate...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
7 results
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
